中学英语语法《直接引语间接引语》.doc 6页

中学英语语法“直接引语间接引语” 1.直接引语是祈使句时间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为not ）.The teacher said to the boy, Open the window. →The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him , Dont leave the door open. →His father told him not to leave the door open.[注意]（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：He said, Lets go to the theatre.→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.(2) Would you mind opening the window? he asked.→He asked me to open the window.Why dont you take a walk after supper? he asked .→he advised me to take a walk after supper.Shall we listen to the music? he asked.→He suggested listening to the music. 2.直接引语是感叹句时间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。She said, What a lovely day it is !→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.3．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时[注意]（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：He said to me, I was born in 1973.→He told me that he was born in 1973. (3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said, Im a boy, not a girl.→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl. (4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The girl said, I get up at six every morning.→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning. (5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, I have taught English since he came here .→He told me that he had taught English since he came here. (6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. →The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , I could swim when I was only six .→He said that he could swim when he was only six. First AidIt is important for you to learn some knowledge about first aid in your daily life. If a person has an accident, he needs medical care before a doctor can be found. When you give first aid, you must pay attention to three things. First, when a person stops breathing, open his/her mouth and see if there is food at the bulk of his/her mouth. Second, if a person cannot breathe, do you best to start his/her breathing at once, using a mouth-to-mouth way. Third, if a person is hurt badly, try at once to stop the bleeding. Then take him/her to a doctor. If a person loses one third o! his/her blood, he/she may die.Many accidents may happen at home. All parents should know first aid in order to deal with common injuries which may happen to their children. When a person is bitten by an animal, wash the wound with cold running water before he/she is taken to see a doctor. When a person is burnt, wash and cool the area of the skin under the cold tap for a while. Then put a piece of dry clean cloth over the burn. If the person is badly burnt, take him/her to the doctor. If a person cuts his/her finger, clean it and put a piece of paper round the cut. Everybody should know some first aid in order to save other peoples lives.一、?it引导的强调结构 ?? “It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其他部分”是使用最广的强调句型。除了谓语动词不能强调外，句子中其它成分，如主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语都可以用该句型中加以强调。 A.?用强调结构强调句子成分 ? 1．强调主语? 被强调的主语是人时，可用It is/was ... that/who ...，但如果被强调的部分既包括人又包括物，只能用that。? He bought a camera yesterday. ? -- It was he that/who bought a camera yesterday. 是他昨天买了一架照相机。? The famous writer and his works have aroused great interest among the students. ? -- It is the famous writer and his works that have aroused great interest among the students. 在学生中引起极大的兴趣的正是这位著名作家以及他的作品。? 注意：? 强调“I”时谓语动词的变化形式。? It is I who am to blame.? It is me who is to blame. 是我该受到责怪。（非正式文体） ? 2. 强调宾语? She helped me yesterday. ? --It was me that/whom she helped yesterday. 昨天她帮助的人是我。? They often talk about the school and the teachers. ? --It is the school and the teachers that they often talk about. 他们经常谈论的是学校和老师。 ? 3. 强调宾语补足语? We elected him chairman of the meeting. ? -- It was chairman of the meeting that we elected him. 我们选他是做会议的主席。? We painted the wall white. It was white that we painted the wall. 我们把墙漆成的是白色。??? 4. 强调状语? 英语中的状语种类很多,一般都可以用It is/was ... that ...来强调。? ①时间状语? He left his hometown for Taiwan in his teens. 他十几岁时就离开家乡去了台湾。? -- It was in his teens that he left his hometown for Taiwan. 他是在十几岁时离开家乡去台湾的。? He let out the secret after the guest had gone away. 客人走后, 他说出了秘密。? -- It was after the guest had gone away that he let out the secret. 是在客人走后,他才说出了秘密。? 提示 ? 如果强调由not…until till 引导的时间状语时，要注意否定前移。? He didnt return to his hometown until after liberation.? -- It was not until after liberation that he returned to his hometown. 他是解放后才回到他家乡的。? ②频率状语? He comes to see me once in a while. ? -- It is once in a while that he comes to see me. 他现在是偶尔来看看我。? ③地点状语? The car accident happened in this street yesterday. ? -- It was in this street that the car accident happened yesterday. 昨天就是在这条街上发生了汽车事故。? ④方式状语? They took care of their sick mother by turns. ? -- It was by turns that they took care of their sick mother. 他们轮流来照看生病的母亲。? ⑤目的状语? He got up early to catch the early bus. ? --It was to catch the early bus that he got up early. 是为了赶早班车，他才起得很早的。? ⑥原因状语? They could not cross the river because the water had risen.? -- It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river. 正是由于水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。? 提示：? 在强调结构It is/was ...that ...中，要用because来引导原因状语从句，不用since或as。（见第11章 状语从句）? ⑦其他状语? The tailor made a suit to my own measure. ? -- It was to my own measure that the tailor made a suit. 裁缝是按我自己的尺寸做了一套衣服。? ⑧with without 复合结构? “with without+名词代词+其他成分”这种结构，也可以放在It is/was ... that 中，成为被强调的部分。? He was waiting for his son at the gate, with an umbrella in his hand.? ? -- It was with an umbrella in his hand that he was waiting for his son at the gate. 他是手里拿着一把伞在门口等待着他的儿子。 ? She felt very nervous, with the teacher standing beside her.?It was with the teacher standing beside her that she felt very? nervous. 是有老师站在她旁边，她才感到很紧张的。 ? B．强调句与定语从句、状语从句等其他句型的区别 ? 有时强调句在形式上和定语从句、状语从句很相似。我们除了从意思上进行区分外，还能根据强调句结构特点来进行判断，如能去掉It was ...that ... 后，句子仍然通顺，就是强调句。 ? It was at the railway station that we first met 16 years ago. ? 是在火车站我们16年前第一次相逢。（强调句，强调地点状语at the railway station）? It was the railway station where we first met 16 years ago. ? 这是我们16年前第一次相逢的火车站。（定语从句，where 是关系副词，在定语从句中做地点状语）? It was in this street that the car accident happened the other day. ? 前几天发生汽车事故的就是在这条街上。（强调句，强调地点状语in this street）? It was this street where the car accident happened the other day. ? 这是前几天汽车事故的那条街。（定语从句，where 是关系副词在定语从句中做地点状语）? It was at midnight that he got home yesterday. ? 他昨天是半夜到家的。（强调句，强调时间状语at midnight）? It was midnight when he got home yesterday. ? 昨天他到家时已是半夜。（when引导的是时间状语从句，it 是代词，指时间） ? C. 强调